Thursday, May 25, 2006

What’s in a Multivitamin?


It’s easy to pop a vitamin every day. It’s one of the less labor intensive steps in taking care of your health. But do you know what’s going on inside that pill? All vitamins are definitely not created equal. This means that there’s a decent chance that the $4 bottle I bought from Trader Joe's might not stand up to a $30 bottle from a health food store, but it may also mean that the more expensive brand is all hype and no substance

Dr. Weil breaks down a few of the vitamins that every multi should have (visit his Self Healing Newsletter for more on essential vitamins):

Vitamin A. Avoid preformed vitamin A (retinol). Taking 5,000 IU of retinol — often listed as vitamin A palmitate or acetate — a day has been shown to increase the risk of losing bone density and breaking a hip. It may be difficult to find a multi without preformed A, so at least try to limit your intake: If the label reads "vitamin A as beta-carotene," that's okay. Beta-carotene and other carotenoids, which the body converts to vitamin A, won't harm your bones.

B vitamins. Your multi should have 50 mg each of most B vitamins, except for folic acid (at least 400 mcg) and B-12 (at least 50 mcg). If you’re taking a multi with only the “Daily Value” for most B vitamins, an additional B-50 B-complex supplement is necessary.

Vitamin D. Check for at least 400 IU of vitamin D, or 100 percent of the Daily Value. Weil also encourages everyone to supplement with at least 1,000 IU of D a day, the amount shown in recent studies to greatly reduce the risk of breast, colon, and ovarian cancers. If your multi provides only 400 IU, you should take an additional vitamin D supplement to make up the difference. Look for products with the D3 (cholecalciferol) form of vitamin D, which is more readily utilized than D2 (ergocalciferol).

Garnish This!


Parsley is traditionally relegated to a mere garnish, but the herb has so much more to offer. Firstly, the leafy green is an excellent natural breath freshener. While mints and gum simply cover potent breath, parsley treats halitosis (or the aftermath of a garlicy dinner) from the inside out.

Parsley comes in several varieties — Italian and flat leaf are the most popular — and is also an excellent source of calcium, iron, and Vitamins A and C. Parsley is also known for its volatile oils — myristicin, limonene, eugenol, and alpha-thujene — which may be linked to a the prevention of several cancers and also give the herb the title of "chemoprotective" food. Parsely can neutralize certain carcinogens ike the benzopyrenes that are part of cigarette smoke, charcoal grill smoke (see The Side Effects of BBQ), and the smoke produced by trash incinerators.

According to this month’s Natural Health, several studies have found that parsley may also reduce blood sugar in diabetics, prevent stomach ulcers and act as a diuretic.

Still Tired? Supplements Can Perk You Up


Are you having one of those months — or years — when you just can't wake up? You're sleeping eight hours and eating right, but still can't shake that groggy feeling? There are lots of CAM therapies that can help to boost mental and physical energy and targeted supplementation is at the top of the list. There are vitamins and herbs can help you wake up. Among the best are:

American ginseng (Panax quinquefolius) Ginseng is packed with ginsenosides, which are thought to fight fatigue and stress. Recommended dose: 1–3 grams dried root powder in capsule or tablet form daily, or 3–5 ml tincture three times daily.

B vitamins Vitamin B plays a key role in energy production. Recommended dose: One or two B-vitamin capsules, once a day with meals. Don’t take your B vitamins at night as they can keep you awake.

Eleuthero (Eleutherococcus senticosus) A.K.A. Siberian ginseng, this herb can enchance mental acuity and physical endurance. Recommended dose: 2–3 grams dried root powder daily. Note: Eleuthero is typically taken for six to eight weeks, followed by a one- to two-week break before resuming.

Rhodiola (Rhodiola rosea) This herb helps boost endurance and adrenal function. Recommended dose: 100–400 mg standardized extract, twice daily.

Christopher Hobbs, a licensed acupuncturist and member of the American Herbalists Guild suggests starting with one herb before adding or switching to another.

Friday, May 19, 2006

Diagnosis: Serangan radikal bebas

Gaya hidup serta tabiat makan yang kurang sihat mengakibatkan kerosakan pda struktur sel badan

RAMAI mengenali penyakit seperti kanser, jantung, diabetis dan artritis, tetapi kurang menyedari mengenai radikal bebas dan antioksidan, sedangkan ia adalah antara penyebab kepada masalah berkenaan.

Ini kerana, penyakit itu berpunca daripada peningkatan bilangan sel rosak dalam badan akibat serangan radikal bebas.

Naib Presiden Penyelidikan dan Pembangunan Global Pharmanex, sebuah cawangan Nu Skin Enterprises, Inc, Dr Carsten Smidt, berkata sel rosak yang semakin bertambah bilangannya mungkin menyebabkan penyakit kronik.

Di samping itu ia juga menyebabkan daya ketahanan yang lemah, malah mempercepatkan proses penuaan yang boleh membawa kepada penyakit seperti Alzheimer, Parkinson, artritis dan katarak, katanya dalam satu pertemuan di Kuala Lumpur, baru-baru ini.

Penyelidikan yang dijalankan mendapati, ada lebih 100 jenis penyakit dihidapi manusia berkait rapat dengan kerosakan sel badan akibat serangan radikal bebas.

Gaya hidup serta tabiat makan yang kurang sihat menyumbang kepada peningkatan tahap radikal bebas di dalam badan dan tahap yang tinggi ini boleh mengakibatkan kerosakan pada struktur sel badan.

Radikal bebas

Radikal bebas adalah molekul yang mengandungi sejumlah elektron ganjil dan berada dalam keadaan tidak aktif serta tidak stabil.

Bagi menstabilkannya, radikal bebas ini ‘mencuri’ elektron daripada sel sihat di dalam badan dan menjadikannya pasangan untuk elektron yang berjumlah ganjil.

Proses ‘mencuri’ serta melengkapkan elektron ini akan merangsang reaksi berantai yang boleh menyebabkan kerosakan sel dikenali sebagai pengoksidaan.

Kewujudan tahap radikal bebas yang tinggi di dalam badan boleh menyebabkan peningkatan serangan terhadap sel dan mengakibatkan kerosakan kepada sel seperti sel lipid, protein, dan juga DNA.

Kerosakan ini mengakibatkan sel badan hilang keupayaan untuk menyerap nutrien dan akhirnya mati.

Radikal bebas yang menyerang sel DNA mungkin menyebabkan perubahan gen yang akan diturunkan kepada generasi masa depan dan muncul semula sebagai kanser ataupun bentuk komplikasi kesihatan yang lain.

Dr Smidt berkata, kita tidak dapat mengelak daripada radikal bebas kerana badan secara semula jadi mengeluarkan unsur-unsur ini sewaktu pengeluaran tenaga di dalam mitokondria - struktur sel yang diibaratkan sebagai sebuah kilang tenaga yang bertindak untuk menukar makanan dan oksigen kepada tenaga.

Oleh itu, apa yang penting adalah sentiasa mengawasi tahap radikal bebas dengan mengimbangkan kandungan radikal bebas dan antioksidan di dalam badan.

Mengambil langkah proaktif untuk memahami dan meningkatkan tahap antioksidan di dalam badan akan memanfaatkan kesihatan seseorang, katanya.

Antioksidan

Antioksidan boleh diibaratkan sebagai ‘polis’ yang bertugas di dalam badan yang berfungsi ‘meneutralkan’ serangan radikal bebas dengan ‘menderma’ elektron untuk ‘dicuri’ oleh radikal bebas, sekali gus mengurangkan insiden ‘kecurian’ elektron daripada sel-sel sihat.

Sebagai barisan pertahanan pertama di dalam badan bagi meneutralkan serangan radikal bebas terhadap sel, antioksidan penting dalam memperlahankan proses penuaan serta memperbaiki kesihatan secara amnya.

Dr Smidt berkata, ada ratusan antioksidan yang wujud bersama-sama di dalam sistem pertahanan antioksidan badan.

Bagi mengekalkan jaringan antioksidan yang kuat dan efektif, pengambilan pelbagai jenis vitamin serta galian antioksidan melalui sekurang-kurangnya lima hingga 10 hidangan, terdiri daripada pelbagai jenis buah-buahan dan sayuran berwarna, bijirin lengkap serta kekacang setiap hari dapat membantu, katanya.

Bagi golongan berumur dan mereka yang tidak mampu mengambil jumlah buah-buahan dan sayuran disyorkan, ia boleh diganti dengan pengambilan produk makanan kesihatan tambahan antioksidan.

Apa pun, katanya, bagi mengelakkan lebihan dos bekalan vitamin seperti A, D atau E daripada sumber makanan dan juga produk kesihatan tambahan, dinasihatkan seseorang itu mendapatkan nasihat doktor atau ahli farmasi.

Dr Smidt berkata, selain diet makanan seimbang yang kaya dengan buah-buahan dan sayuran serta kekacang dan bijirin, amalkan juga senaman secara sederhana, terus menjalani kehidupan secara positif dan elakkan terdedah kepada sinaran cahaya matahari secara berlebihan juga elakkan merokok.

Ini bukan saja membantu mencegah kerosakan yang disebabkan radikal bebas, malah ia juga dapat meningkatkan kualiti hidup, katanya.

Mengukur tahap antioksidan

Tahap antioksidan boleh diukur melalui tahap antioksidan karotenoid di dalam badan yang mana ia memberi petunjuk sama ada diet seseorang itu kaya dengan buah-buahan dan sayuran, ataupun kaya dengan pemakanan tambahan, atau ia juga dapat memberi petunjuk kepada diet yang kurang dipengaruhi oleh kedua-dua faktor ini.

Secara amnya, kaedah ujian standard makmal semasa yang digunakan untuk mengukur tahap antioksidan dalam badan adalah ujian yang kurang popular kerana ia membabitkan pengambilan sampel darah.

Menyedari hakikat ini, Pharmanex membangunkan alat pengimbas antioksidan - Pharmanex® BioPhotonic Scanner.

Alat ini mempunyai teknologi berpaten yang membolehkan seseorang buat pertama kalinya, mengukur tahap antioksidan di dalam badan melalui kaedah yang tidak melukakan badan (tidak memerlukan jarum atau sampel darah) dan juga memberi keputusan dalam masa kira-kira tiga minit.

Dibangunkan sekumpulan doktor, jurutera serta ahli fizik dari Universiti Utah, Amerika, hasil penyelidikan selama 10 tahun, BioPhotonic Scanner berdasarkan kaedah optikal Raman Spektroskopi yang ditemui pada tahun 1930 oleh pemenang Hadiah Nobel, Sir C.V. Raman.

BioPhotonic Scanner mengaplikasikan undang-undang fizik dengan mengacukan cahaya laser biru berkuasa rendah ke tapak tangan seseorang untuk menyediakan keputusan tahap antioksidan badan dalam masa tiga minit.

Punca-punca Unsur Radikal Bebas

Dalaman (di dalam badan manusia)

* Sumber utama adalah daripada badan manusia ketika pengeluaran tenaga di dalam proses mitokondria

* Sewaktu proses metabolisme biasa bagi lemak, karbohidrat dan protein

* Tekanan - bahan kimia dan sesetengah hormon endokrin mewujudkan unsur-unsur radikal bebas

Luaran (di luar badan manusia)

* Pencemaran alam sekitar seperti jerebu dan asap kenderaan

* Asap rokok

* Bahan kimia toksik seperti racun makhluk perosak, racun serangga, bahan pengilat dan perabot

* Radiasi ultra ungu contohnya pendedahan terlalu lama kepada cahaya matahari dan pendedahan berlebihan kepada sinaran X.

* Kandungan lemak di dalam makanan diproses, makanan digoreng, makanan barbeku dan yang dibakar

* Makanan yang diawet

* Senaman berlebihan

Sumber-sumber Antioksidan

Antioksidan boleh diperoleh daripada diet yang kaya dengan buah-buahan dan sayuran, kekacang dan bijiran lengkap. Mengambil sekurang-kurangnya 5 hingga 10 hidangan yang terdiri daripada buah-buahan dan sayuran pelbagai warna setiap hari membantu meningkatkan tahap sistem pertahanan antioksidan badan.

Pelbagai jenis antioksidan perlu dimakan untuk memberikan badan penjagaan optima daripada serangan unsur-unsur radikal bebas. Sumber-sumber antioksidan termasuk:

Vitamin antioksidan
* Beta kerotina - lobak merah, oren, betik, labu
* Vitamin C - kebanyakan buah-buahan dan sayuran
* Vitamin E - minyak sayuran, kekacang

Galian tambahan
* Kuprum - cendawan, biji bunga matahari, ketam
* Selenium - telur, daging merah, ayam
* Zing - daging merah, kekacang
* Zat besi - Daging, makanan laut, kacang

Phytonutrien:
* Likopen - tomato dan produk berasaskan tomato
* Lutein - bayam, jagung, seleri, brokoli
* Flavonoid - brokoli, tomato, lemon
* Polifenol - teh hijau

Lain-lain
* Glutathion - asparagus, brokoli
* Koenzim Q10 - ikan, bayam, kekacang, soya


Pakar Kanak-kanak: Alahan punca sakit perut

Istilah ‘sakit perut’ ialah satu huraian, bukan diagnosis. Dalam kegunaan biasa iaitu di kalangan bukan pengamal perubatan, ia bermaksud perasaan sakit yang timbul dari ulu hati hingga ke kawasan suprapubik (kawasan di atas tulang pubik).

Ia merangkumi segala masalah atau penyakit yang menyebabkan perasaan sakit di sekitar kawasan itu, sama ada penyakit organik (berkenaan dengan organ badan) dan yang tidak organik.

Hari ini, kita sudah mengetahui pelbagai penyakit organik yang berkaitan dengan sakit perut. Kita juga menyedari ramai kanak-kanak mempunyai intoleran terhadap sedikit rasa sakit tetapi ada juga kanak-kanak yang tidak terganggu dengan rasa sakit itu.

Sakit perut yang dialami mungkin sekejap-sekejap atau terus menerus.

Diagnosa yang dibuat bergantung kepada rekod perubatan penyakit daripada ibu bapa dan/atau anak-anak, pemeriksaan klinikal, ujian tertentu seperti ujian darah, radiologi, ujian-ujian khas gastrousus, pengujian terapeutik dan sebagainya.

Seringkali, kita boleh mengaitkan ciri-ciri tertentu simptom sakit perut itu dengan penyakitnya. Sungguhpun begitu, kadangkala anak mungkin mempunyai ciri-ciri lebih dari satu masalah atau penyakit. Contohnya, seorang anak mungkin mengalami simptom susah buang air besar di samping simptom perut berangin yang mungkin berpunca daripada alahan atau intoleran kepada makanan.

Berikutan itu, sejarah perubatan penyakit amat penting untuk mencapai diagnosa tepat terutama daripada ibu bapa jika anak-anak masih kecil dan tidak berkebolehan memberi huraian terperinci.

Istilah sakit gastrik sering digunakan untuk menghuraikan penyakit ulser peptik iaitu ulser di organ perut dan organ duodenum (bahagian pertama usus kecil). Bergantung kepada umur anak, penyakit ulser peptik boleh berpunca daripada ubat-ubatan seperti steroids dan ubat tahan sakit anti-inflamasi bukan steroid, dari ketegangan mental atau fizikal iaitu apabila mengalami penyakit tertentu seperti pelecuran (burns), kecederaan otak dan penyakit pada sistem lain di tubuh). Sakit gastrik juga boleh berpunca daripada jangkitan kuman ‘Helicobacter pylori’.

Jangkitan Helicobacter pylori pada se seorang dewasa lazimnya diperolehi pada zaman kanak-kanak. Secara kelaziman ia juga didapati lebih kerap dalam ahli keluarga dan dalam institusi di mana anak-anak hidup secara berdekatan satu sama lain.

Terdapat cukup bukti untuk mengaitkan jangkitan Helicobacter pylori dalam jangkamasa panjang dengan pembentukan barah perut di kalangan dewasa.

Kajian epidemiologik mengenai kaitan itu cukup untuk meyakinkan Persatuan Kesihatan Sedunia (WHO) untuk mengklasifikasikannya sebagai bakteria pertama yang boleh menyebabkan barah.

Sungguhpun demikian, soalan mengenai peranan H.pylori sebagai punca sakit perut di kalangan anak-anak dan remaja masih belum terjawab.

Gout penyakit kuno boleh menyerang bila-bila masa

GOUT atau dirujuk sebagai “ancient disease” dan sudah diketahui kewujudannya sejak 1800. Kadar pesakit gout dianggarkan satu dalam 100 orang.

Meskipun gout seringnya dikaitkan dengan lelaki, tetapi perempuan juga terutama yang sudah putus haid berhadapan dengan masalah ini.

Ia membabitkan serangan serta-merta yang bukan saja menyebabkan kesakitan tetapi turut membengkak dan rasa panas di sendi. Selalunya ia membabitkan jari kaki yang besar tetapi juga ia boleh memberi kesan pada tumit, lutut, tapak kaki, buku lali dan jari kaki.

Gout terjadi kerana terhasilnya asid uric secara berlebihan. Asid uric terbentuk semula jadi dalam darah sebagai hasil pecahan produksi pelbagai proses kimia. Tetapi apabila buah pinggang tidak dapat membuang asid uric atau tubuh menghasilkan asid uric yang berlebihan ia akan terkumpul di sendi yang kemudiannya membuatkan ia membengkak. Tetapi ingat, gout mungkin terjadi sebagai tanda komplikasi penyakit yang lain juga.

Terkenal sebagai penyakit yang diwarisi, gout juga boleh disebabkan pengamalan gaya hidup yang kurang sihat seperti pengambilan minuman beralkohol yang berlebihan. Malahan ada sesetengah ubat-ubatan dan makanan merangsang peningkatan asid uric seperti makanan laut, kacang, roti manis dan ikan bilis.

GOUT bermula dengan sendi kaki (seperti ibu jari) yang menyebabkan rasa sakit, membengkak dan merah selain rasa kaku dan panas. Menyentuh atau bergerak akan menjadikannya sangat sakit. Simptom gout boleh terjadi dalam masa yang pantas (sehari) dengan serangan pertama biasanya terjadi waktu malam. Gout hanya menyerang sekali saja bagi sesetengah orang tetapi ia akan menyerang lagi beberapa bulan berikutnya.

Jangan biarkan ia tidak dirawat kerana kemungkinan untuk terjadinya kerosakan sendi dan ketidakupayaan untuk bergerak boleh terjadi.

Gout biasanya mudah dikesan menerusi pemeriksaan biasa. Biasanya doktor akan mengambil contoh cairan sendi dan cuba mengesan kehadiran kristal asid uric. Selain itu ujian darah juga dibuat untuk memastikan tahap asid uric dalam tubuh.

Walaupun bunyinya agak menakutkan gout sebenarnya boleh dikawal dengan mengubah gaya hidup. Kurangkan minuman beralkohol, hadkan pengambilan daging merah atau ikan yang tinggi purine dan kawal berat badan anda. Selain itu gout boleh dikawal dengan ubat-ubatan

Ada dua kategori ubat iaitu ubat-ubatan yang diberi ketika masih diserang gout dan ubat-ubatan untuk rawatan jangka panjang. Ubat seperti non steroidal anti-inflammatory drug (NSAID), colchicine dan cortisteroids diberikan semasa serangan terjadi. Ia akan mengawal bengkak dan kesakitan.

Rawatan jangka panjang pula membabitkan ubat-ubatan untuk mengawal tahap asid uric dalam darah dengan menyekat penghasilannya. Harus anda ketahui ubatan jenis ini membabitkan disiplin anda, sebaik ubat-ubatan seperti ini dihentikan, tahap asid uric akan kembali meningkat.

Antara makanan yang harus dielakkan:

# Makanan laut; ikan, kerang, sardin dan ikan bilis
# Sayur-sayuran seperti asparagus, bunga kobis dan bayam
# Organ dalaman haiwan seperti paru, hati dan jantung
# Daging merah
# Cendawan
# Yis (roti putih, roti manis)

FAKTA: Golongan berisiko

# Mereka yang berusia 40 ke 50 tahun terdedah kepada gout tetapi gout juga boleh terjadi di kalangan mereka yang lebih muda.
# Memiliki sejarah keluarga yang berhadapan dengan gout
# Mereka yang mengamalkan gaya pemakanan yang tidak sihat
# Wanita putus haid
# Obesiti, diabetes dan hyperlipidemia atau mereka yang mengalami tekanan
# Mereka yang bermasalah dengan buah pinggang, darah tinggi, sakit jantung dan tahap kolesterol tinggi.

Angin ahmar boleh lumpuhkan badan

PENYAKIT angin ahmar atau stroke, jika menyerang akan menyebabkan mangsa menjadi lemah, lumpuh sebelah badan atau keseluruhannya dan boleh membawa kepada kematian. Apa yang pasti serangan penyakit ini memang sukar diramal.

Ramai yang mengetahui kewujudan penyakit ini tetapi tidak ramai yang mengetahui sejauh mana ia boleh menyerang dan kekerapan serangannya terhadap mangsa. Faktor umum penyebab angin ahmar ialah apabila pembuluh darah diserang penyakit yang mengganggu pengaliran darah ke otak. Seterusnya bahagian tersebut akan terjejas dan berhenti berfungsi.

Serangan penyakit ini secara tiba-tiba membuatkan mangsa tidak mengalami sebarang tanda amaran kedatangan penyakit ini sehinggalah tiba waktunya dia mengalami rasa lemah-lemah dan lumpuh sebelah badan sama ada kiri atau kanan.

Lemah dan lumpuh akibat stroke ini akan menyebabkan mangsa mengalami kesukaran untuk bercakap atau kemungkinan kehilangan terus keupayaan bercakap atau dikenali sebagai aphasia. Antara masalah lain ialah kemungkinan berlakunya gangguan pada bahagian otak.

Apa pun, bukan semua jenis stroke akan menyebabkan lumpuh. Ini kerana gangguan saraf berlaku jauh daripada bahagian otak yang mengawal pergerakan. Bagaimanapun kes begini jarang berlaku dan hampir 85 peratus mangsa stroke akan mengalami masalah kekejangan saraf dan otot yang membawa kepada lumpuh sementara atau kekal.

Penyebab

SESETENGAH orang mempunyai risiko yang lebih tinggi untuk mendapat stroke berbanding yang lain. Golongan manakah yang mempunyai risiko yang tinggi untuk diserang stroke? Selain pesakit jantung, mereka yang menghidap penyakit diabetis, tekanan darah dan kolestrol tinggi serta seorang perokok adalah mereka yang paling berisiko untuk mendapat stroke.

Ramai beranggapan faktor keturunan sebagai punca penyakit stroke tetapi ternyata masih tidak ada sebarang bukti tentang faktor ini.

Sama seperti bahagian tubuh yang lain, otak harus menerima bekalan berterusan melalui pembuluh darah dan arteri. Jika salah satu daripada arteri tersumbat, bahagian otak yang tidak mendapat bekalan darah akan mati kerana tidak mendapat bekalan oksigen dan pemakanan otak yang biasanya dibawa bersama di dalam darah.

Adakalanya keadaan stroke menjadi semakin serius apabila pembuluh darah yang berselirat di otak menyebabkan ia berkait antara satu sama lain. Ini menjadikan bahagian otak yang tidak mati turut mengalami kerosakan disebabkan perkara itu.

Terjadinya pembuluh darah di otak yang pecah juga penyebab kepada serangan stroke. Apabila ini berlaku, darah akan mengalir dalam tekanan yang amat rendah hingga merosakkan bahagian saraf yang seharusnya menerima oksigen secukupnya.

Tanda serangan

SESETENGAH pesakit akan mengalami petanda dan amaran beberapa minggu atau bulan sebelum diserang stroke yang serius. Biasanya tanda-tanda ini termasuklah rasa lemah anggota badan (sebelah kiri atau kanan badan) dan pandangan mata yang beransur kabur.

Bagaimanapun kebanyakan pesakit tidak mengalami sebarang tanda amaran bagi membolehkan mereka menjalani rawatan.

Cuma yang mungkin dapat dirasai pesakit ialah apabila mereka dapati sebelah badan terasa sakit dan lemah sehingga membawa kepada lumpuh. Begitu juga dengan kehilangan keupayaan bercakap dan apabila bertutur semakin sukar difahami.

Rawatan pemulihan

BIASANYA rawatan bergantung kepada sejauh mana seriusnya kerosakan otak yang dialami pesakit. Bagi pesakit stroke mereka biasanya akan menjalani beberapa siri rawatan untuk memulihkan anggota yang lemah atau lumpuh.

Ada yang menggunakan rawatan tradisional termasuk terapi. Sonotron adalah rawatan tanpa menggunakan sebarang ubat-ubatan. Sebelum ini kaedah sonotron hanya digunakan untuk mereka yang menghidap sakit sendi dan otot. Alat ini dikatakan mampu mengurangkan rasa sakit dengan cepat hanya dengan sekali rawatan.

FAKTA
Angin ahmar

# Serangan angin ahmar berlaku secara tiba-tiba.
# Pesakit darah tinggi, kencing manis dan mengalami masalah kolestrol mudah terdedah angin ahmar.
# Rawatan fisiotrafi dilakukan kepada pesakit.
# Pembuluh darah yang pecah juga penyebab angin ahmar.

Diabetes ibu banyak penyakit

KENCING manis yang tidak dirawat boleh disifatkan sebagai ibu segala penyakit. Kencing manis atau diabetes boleh menjadi punca penyakit lain seperti penyakit jantung, angin ahmar, penyakit kronik ginjal dan ulser kaki.

Walaupun tidak ada ubat boleh menyembuhkan diabetes tetapi ia boleh dikawal menerusi pengambilan ubat mengikut aturan. Selain itu amalan diet yang betul juga senaman membantu pesakit diabetes menikmati kehidupan berkualiti.

Persatuan Diabetes Malaysia menganggarkan 1.2 juta rakyat negara ini berhadapan dengan masalah ini. Ironinya separuh daripada angka itu tidak menyedari mereka mengalami masalah diabetes.

Dietitian Kanan, Pusat Perubatan Pantai, Bangsar, Kanimolli Arasu, berkata selepas didiagnosis dengan diabetes, paling penting ialah dengan mendisiplinkan diri untuk mematuhi diet khusus yang diberikan pakar pemakanan.

“Setiap pesakit diabetes memerlukan keperluan kalori berbeza. Biasanya pakar pemakanan akan memberi panduan diet mengikut keperluan kalori pesakit. Memang karbohidrat akan menaikkan tahap gula dalam darah tetapi ia tidak bermaksud, pesakit tidak boleh makan nasi. Nasi boleh dimakan tetapi mengikut sukatan,” katanya.

Bagaimanapun menjadi kelaziman, ada pesakit yang terlalu ekstrem menjaga diet hingga tidak langsung mengambil nasi dan menggantikannya dengan roti.

“Mereka fikir tidak ambil nasi boleh rendahkan kadar gula dalam darah. Jadi mereka ambil roti dengan mentega. Masalahnya roti dan mentega saja tidak mengenyangkan dan makan hingga lima keping roti. Lima keping roti lebih tinggi karbohidrat dari secawan nasi. Sepatutnya, jika mahu ganti nasi dengan roti, buatlah sandwich, letak timun atau tomato. Sandwich lebih mengenyangkan daripada roti,” katanya.

Sebaiknya, gunakan roti jagung yang mengandungi kandungan serat yang lebih tinggi daripada roti putih biasa. Jika mengambil nasi putih, pastikan ia diambil bersama ulam atau sayuran hijau kerana kandungan serat dalam sayur-sayuran akan mengurangkan peningkatan gula darah selepas makan. Begitu juga dengan nasi lemak. Lebih baik jika nasi lemak dimakan dengan sayur seperti timun, kangkung, kacang panjang dan kurangkan sambal yang dicampur gula.

Mungkin tidak ramai menyedari hubungan antara hormon dan makanan. Hormon mengatur hampir setiap perkara yang dilakukan tubuh individu. Bermula dengan mengawal paras gula dalam darah, hingga kepada perkara lain membabitkan mekanisma asas kesinambungan hidup seperti tekanan, ketakutan dan juga perasaan jatuh cinta!

Hormon juga penting untuk mengawal insulin. Ia dikenali sebagai hormon utama dalam metabolisme tubuh manusia kerana ia mengatur tekanan darah, pengeluaran kolestrol dan trigliserid dan penyimpanan lemak.

Apabila paras insulin terlalu tinggi, akan berlaku kekacauan metabolisme berikutan peningkatan tekanan darah, peningkatan kolestrol dan trigliserid disusuli dengan kencing manis dan obesiti. Diet yang salah juga membuatkan paras insulin anda tidak tentu hala.

Kanimolli berkata, diet untuk pesakit diabetes tidaklah berbeza dengan orang normal kerana setiap orang harus mengambil diet seimbang. Secara asas, pengambilan makanan haruslah rendah dengan lemak, gula dan garam, lebihkan buah-buahan dan sayur-sayuran.

Kebanyakan orang tahu, pengambilan makanan berasaskan karbohidrat akan meningkatkan tahap gula dalam darah. Begitupun ia tidak bermaksud anda tidak boleh langsung menikmati karbohidrat. Justeru jadikan indeks glisemik (GI) panduan dalam pengambilan makanan.

“Tetapi indeks glisemik ini kadang kala mengelirukan pesakit. Sebabnya, bukan semua makanan berasaskan karbohidrat cepat bertindak dengan gula dalam darah. Misalnya, 30 gram karbohidrat dalam bentuk roti tidak memberi kesan yang sama dengan 30 gram karbohidrat dalam bentuk pasta. Roti juga ada pelbagai dan memiliki skala glisemik berbeza,” katanya.

Tetapi GI boleh memberitahu anda, berapa cepat atau lambat setiap makanan meningkatkan tahap gula dalam darah. Justeru, ia mungkin boleh menjadi panduan untuk anda dalam pengambilan makanan.

Jika ingin menukar jenis karbohidrat, pertimbangkan tiga kategori makanan ini

# Makanan bergula seperti gula-gula, coklat, jam, biskut manis dan kek cepat dicerna dan ia menyebabkan kenaikan pantas gula dalam darah. Justeru, elakkan makanan begini.

# Pilih makanan berkanji seperti roti putih biskut kering yang mengambil masa untuk dicerna.

# Makanan berkanji yang berserat tinggi seperti roti gandum tulen, buah-buahan dan sayur-sayuran. Makanan begini mengambil masa lama untuk dihadam.

Kaitan sindrom metabolik dengan perut buncit

JANGAN fikir buncit perkara biasa. Buncit di perut selalunya mengandungi banyak lemak dan mereka yang mengumpul lemak di perut berbanding di peha dan pinggul lebih berisiko untuk berhadapan dengan sindrom metabolik yang akan menyebabkan penyakit koronari arteri.

Menurut Dr Abdul Shatar Dahan, pakar dari Hospital Tawakal, Kuala Lumpur, sekitar 1988, sindrom metabolik ini dikenali sebagai sindrom X oleh seorang profesor di Universiti Perubatan Stanford. Tetapi kemudiannya ia dikenali sebagai sindrom metabolik yang pembentukannya banyak dipengaruhi cara hidup. Ia dikaitkan dengan kegemukan, diabetes awal, tahap kolesterol yang tinggi dan hypertension.

“Perlu diingat, sindrom metabolik bukannya satu penyakit tetapi ia adalah rangkaian ketidaktentuan metabolisme badan – termasuk darah tinggi, kadar insulin tinggi, terlebih berat badan dan tahap kolesterol luar biasa – yang akan menyebabkan anda berisiko untuk terdedah kepada diabetes, sakit jantung dan strok,” kata Dr Shatar.

Setiap satu darinya memiliki faktor risiko untuk penyakit lain dan akan menyebabkan pesakit berhadapan dengan masalah penyakit yang mengancam sepanjang usia.

Sindrom ini sudah menjadi kebiasaan ketika ini dan menjadi kelaziman. Di Amerika, ia menyerang setiap seorang daripada empat orang dan 40 peratus orang dewasa berusa 40 tahun ke atas berhadapan dengan sindrom metabolik, peningkatan 61 peratus dari abad lepas. Di Malaysia dianggarkan 30 peratus mereka yang berada dalam pertengahan usia berhadapan dengan sindrom metabolik.

“Sindrom metabolik sebenarnya tiada tanda-tanda khusus. Kerana itu ia sangat membimbangkan kerana ramai yang menghidap sindrom metabolik ini berasakan mereka sihat tanpa mempunyai apa-apa simptom. Oleh sebab itu mereka tidak menjaga kesihatan dan akhirnya mereka diancam diabetes dan sakit jantung,” katanya.

Bagaimanapun, anda haruslah rajin membuat pemeriksaan kesihatan dan berhati-hati jika anda memiliki tanda-tanda berikut:

1. Buncit
2. Tekanan darah tinggi
3. Satu atau lebih tahap kolesterol yang luar biasa - tahap lemak yang tinggi atau tahap kolesterol HDL (high-density lipoprotein) yang rendah atau dipanggil juga kolesterol baik.
4. Penolakan terhadap insulin, hormon yang membantu kitaran jumlah gula dalam tubuh

“Memiliki satu komponen sindrom metabolik bermakna anda mungkin memiliki komponen lain sindrom itu. Dan pada setiap satu komponen yang anda miliki, semakin ia berisiko kepada kesihatan anda,” kata Dr Shatar.

Katanya, pakar perubatan percaya, sindrom metabolik ini berlaku disebabkan penolakan kepada insulin - hormon yang dihasilkan pankreas yang membantu mengagihkan jumlah gula dalam tubuh. Secara normal, sistem pencernaan kita akan memecahkan makanan yang dimakan kepada glukos. kemudian tubuh menggunakan insulin untuk membekalkan glukos ke dalam sel, ia ditukarkan kepada tenaga untuk melancarkan proses tubuh.

Jika tubuh menolak tindakan insulin, glukos yang diproses rosak, tubuh akan bertindak dengan menghasilkan lebih dan lebih insulin dalam usaha membantu glukos masuk ke dalam sel. Insulin lebihan ini membantu menyeimbangkan tahap normal glukos untuk sementara tetapi sebenarnya pankreas tidak boleh menyelesaikan penolakan insulin. Jumlah glukos dalam tubuh akan membawa kepada diabetes tahap dua.

Sindrom metabolik akan terjadi sebelum itu. Tahap glukos dalam badan menjadi tinggi secara luar biasa tetapi tidak hingga diklasifikasikan sebagai diabetes tetapi cukup tinggi untuk membuatkan lebihan insulin dalam tubuh menyebabkan pesakit berhadapan dengan masalah kesihatan lain.

Tahap kolesterol dan triglycerides dalam salur darah mungkin bertambah menyebabkan kerosakan pada saluran koronari. Tahap insulin yang tinggi mungkin menyusahkan buah pinggang dalam usahanya memproses garam yang boleh meningkatkan tekanan darah.

“Penyebab penolakan insulin ini tidak dapat dipastikan tetapi ia membabitkan pelbagai faktor genetik dan alam sekitar. Doktor percaya sesetengah orang secara genetik mudah berhadapan dengan masalah penolakan insulin dan kecenderungan ini mungkin diwarisi. Tetapi jika anda mempunyai berat badan berlebihan dan tidak pula suka bersenam, ia juga penyumbang utama,” katanya.

Thursday, May 18, 2006

Cancer death rate higher in nonsmoking men

Study contradicts conventional wisdom about gender

Lung cancer isn't common in people who never smoked. But when they do get it, doctors have long thought that women were more likely to die than men. New research suggests the opposite.

Analyzing medical records of nearly 1 million people, American Cancer Society researchers reported Tuesday that men who never used cigarettes actually had slightly higher death rates from lung cancer than women who never smoked.

"The conventional wisdom ... is wrong," concluded Dr. Michael Thun, lead author of the report in the Journal of the National Cancer Institute.

However, more black women who had never smoked died of lung cancer than their white counterparts.

Lung cancer is the world's and the United States' most common and deadliest malignancy. Smoking cigarettes is the main cause.

But about 15,000 of the deaths will occur in people who never used cigarettes. Other known causes: breathing secondhand smoke; exposure to radon and asbestos; smoking other tobacco products; and high-dose radiation.

The gender issue made headlines this spring when lung cancer claimed lifelong nonsmoker Dana Reeve, widow of "Superman" movie star Christopher Reeve.

Thun analyzed two cancer-prevention studies that tracked more than 940,000 Americans' health for 20 years.

Among never-smokers, the death rate from lung cancer per 100,000 people was 17.1 for men and 14.7 for women in the most recent of the two studies; the earlier study showed similar rates.

What's the root of the gender misconception?

Lung cancer usually strikes older people, and there are far more women than men over age 60 who have never smoked -- 16.2 million such women vs. just 6.4 million men. So doctors are caring for more female never-smokers, even though they're not at higher risk, Thun said.

Study: Certain arthritis drugs hike cancer risk


Drug makers: Link to illnesses not proved

Rheumatoid arthritis patients taking Humira or Remicade face triple the risk of developing several kinds of cancer and double the risk of getting serious infections, a study led by the Mayo Clinic found.

The analysis builds on previous reports about the risks associated with Abbott Laboratories' Humira and Centocor's Remicade. But the earlier research focused mostly on one kind of cancer -- lymphoma -- and infections such as tuberculosis and pneumonia.

The new study found an apparent link to other cancers, too, including skin, gastrointestinal, breast and lung tumors. It also quantifies the risks and says high doses appear to be the riskiest.

While the drugs' packaging information mentions some of the risks, the manufacturers said the new study does not prove that the medication is at fault, and they said the research was flawed.

Study co-author Dr. Eric Matteson, a Mayo Clinic rheumatologist, stressed that the overall chances of developing cancer while using these drugs is still small. The researchers also noted that the medications' benefits include improving flexibility and range of movement, easing pain and increasing life expectancy, which arthritis can shorten.

In addition, the researchers noted that the risks for individual patients probably vary widely. Older, sicker people who have taken the drugs for several years probably face the highest risks, they said.

Still, the researchers said patients should be made aware of the dangers and told to seek medical help if they develop fevers, coughs or other symptoms of infection. They should also be sure to undergo the cancer screenings recommended for the general public, the researchers said.

Their study appears in Wednesday's Journal of the American Medical Association.

Matteson is working with Centocor in developing a new drug that works similarly, and he and co-author Dr. Tim Bongartz have been paid consultants to Abbott for unrelated work, but neither company funded the study. The Mayo Foundation sponsored the research.

Rheumatoid arthritis affects more than 2 million Americans, and involves a malfunctioning immune system that attacks joints throughout the body, causing pain, deformities and disability.

Dr. John Klippel, president of the Arthritis Foundation, said the study will probably not change doctors' minds, because scores of patients have benefited from the drugs. Remicade was approved in 1998, Humira in 2002.

More than a half-million patients have been treated with the two injectable drugs and a third similar medication, Enbrel, all of which block production of a protein linked with inflammation.

Enbrel was not included in the study because it differs at the molecular level, Matteson said. He said he is getting paid by Enbrel marketers Wyeth and Amgen to do a similar analysis on Enbrel alone.

Matteson's ties to Centocor and his work on Enbrel were among several omissions and errors included in disclosure statements that accompanied the study in JAMA.

He said the omissions were an office mistake. But in an unusual move, journal editors posted a correction Tuesday on JAMA's Web site revealing that they have asked the Mayo Clinic College of Medicine to investigate.

The editors cited "the nature and extensiveness of this incorrect and incomplete reporting."

The researchers analyzed data from nine studies comparing Humira or Remicade with placebos and pooled the results. There were 29 cancers in 3,493 patients who received at least one dose of either drug, compared with three cancers in 1,512 patients on placebos.

Serious infections occurred in 126 patients on drugs and 26 on placebos. They included pneumonia and cellulitis.

An Abbott spokesperson said the analysis "doesn't reflect all the data" on Humira and said the studies were too short to sufficiently monitor cancer incidence.

Tom Schaible, Centocor vice president of medical affairs, said most of the analyzed studies used higher-than-recommended Remicade doses. "There's clearly a favorable benefits-risks ratio" with recommended doses, Schaible said.

Cholesterol treatment ingredient doesn't work, study says

Substance included in some vitamin formulas

German research casts doubt on the effectiveness of a sugar cane-based ingredient sold as a cholesterol treatment in One-A-Day vitamins and other products marketed in dozens of countries.

The substance, called policosanol, worked no better than dummy pills in German adults with high levels of LDL cholesterol, the bad kind that can clog arteries and lead to heart problems.

Even in high doses, policosanol derived from Cuban sugar cane produced no meaningful changes in cholesterol levels during 12 weeks of treatment, said lead author Dr. Heiner Berthold of the German Medical Association's drug commission.

Most previous studies that reached the opposite conclusion were sponsored by a company founded by Cuba's National Center for Scientific Research to market policosanol, the German researchers said. The Cuban scientific center didn't respond to requests for comment.

The German study involving 143 people appears in Wednesday's Journal of the American Medical Association.

Patients were randomly assigned to get policosanol in various doses or dummy pills for 12 weeks. There was no difference in the levels of LDL in volunteers in either group.

Berthold, executive secretary of the German Medical Association's drug commission, said his research doesn't rule out that policosanol might be effective in different ethnic groups or that other formulations might have different effects.

But he believes the product's claims have been overstated because there's no "mechanism of action" to explain how it might lower cholesterol.

Policosanol is a combination of alcohols that come from plant wax. Cuban sugar cane-based policosanol is sold in more than 40 countries, mostly as a cholesterol treatment, the researchers said. Other sources for the ingredient include wheat germ, rice, bran and beeswax. Policosanol products are widely available on the Internet and in stores.

Bayer Consumer Care uses sugar cane-based policosanol in its One-A-Day Cholesterol Plus vitamins and calls it "the leading complete multivitamin specially formulated with heart-supporting nutrients."

Bayer spokeswoman Tricia McKernan said the study "was not designed to address a claim that along with diet and exercise, policosanol can help maintain healthy cholesterol levels already within the normal range."

"Bayer makes only the latter claim, and agrees with the authors that consumers should always discuss their cardiovascular risk profile with their doctor," McKernan said.

Policosanol is marketed in Cuba as a natural medicine called PPG with purported benefits including lowering cholesterol levels, boosting energy and weight loss.

Juventud Rebelde, the Communist Youth newspaper, reported last year that about 250,000 people in Cuba take PPG and that it is exported to various other countries.

Andrew Shao, vice president of scientific and regulatory affairs at the Council for Responsible Nutrition, a trade group for dietary supplement makers, said the new research "is only one study" and not the final word on policosanol.

Friday, May 12, 2006

Nutritious, Delicious, and Bitter


Why settle for the same bland greens when you can go bitter? Dark, bitter greens are not only big in flavor, but also have unique health benefits. While most greens are high in vitamins, bitter greens are particularly beneficial for digestive function. "[They] stimulate taste buds sensitive to bitter compounds," explains Keegan Sheridan, ND, of Beverly Hills, California. "In response, salivation [and] gastric acid secretion increase, and pancreatic enzymes are primed to respond when food enters the small intestine, helping to maximize food breakdown and speed waste elimination."

Look for these five when going green this spring:

Dandelion greens beat out old standbys broccoli and spinach in overall nutrition. They’re high in vitamins A and C as well as iron and calcium. Dandelion leaves are also a natural diuretic, increasing urine production by promoting the excretion of salts and water from the kidneys.

Arugula is a special green. In addition to vitamin A, vitamin C, calcium, and fiber, arugula also contains isothiocyanates, which are powerful anticarcinogens that have been linked to the prevention of lung and esophagus cancers.

Stinging Nettle contains protein and minerals like iron, silica, and potassium. The greens are also recommended for pregnant and lactating women as they provide essential nutrients for healthy fetal development and breast-milk production.

[Note: Stinging nettle is aptly named. Wear gloves when handling and cook for a few minutes before eating.]

Chickweed is high in protein, fiber, and vitamin A, but you don’t have to toss it in a salad to reap its benefits. The greens can be applied topically to soothe skin ailments like puffy eyes, cuts, and burns.

Watercress Just one cup of raw chopped watercress contains 959 mg of vitamin A, more than 100 percent of the recommended daily intake. Like it’s cousin Arugula watercress is also rich in isothiocyanates.

Thursday, May 11, 2006

Scientists find genes linked to heart attack risk

A study covering more than 2,000 patients has identified two genes that are associated with an increased risk of an early heart attack, researchers said on Thursday.
Those with the genes had twice the risk of an early-onset heart attack as those without, according to the researchers from the University of California, San Francisco; Cleveland Clinic; Case Western Reserve University; Brigham Young University; and Celera Genomics, which partly funded the research.

The research linked one form of a gene known as VAMP8 to the early stages of blood-clot formation, which, when formed in the heart, can block oxygen and lead to a heart attack.

Another gene, HNRPUL1 was also found to be strongly associated with heart attack risk, although the nature of the connection was less clear.

Dr. John Kane, professor of medicine at University of California and co-author of the study, said the relatively large scale of the trial reduced the risk that the findings were the result of chance and potentially sets the stage for a diagnostic test that can predict which people are at greatest risk for a heart attack.

"A number of studies have identified genes linked to increased heart attack risk, but many of the studies have been so small that there has been a high risk of false positives," he said.

The aim of the research is to identify genetic differences that can predict for heart disease, create a screening diagnostic, and perhaps begin developing new drugs, Kane said. MZ


Satu kajian melindungi lebih 2,000 orang pesakit telah dikenali dua gen-gen bahawa dikaitkan dengan risiko yang meningkat untuk serangan jantung yang awal, penyelidik-penyelidik berkata pada Khamis.
Dengan demikian gen-gen telah dua kali risiko satu awal permulaan serangan jantung sebagai yang tanpa, mengikut pada penyelidik-penyelidik dari Universiti California, San Francisco; Klinik Cleveland; Hal Universiti Simpanan Barat; Brigham Universiti Muda; dan Celera Genomics, yang sebahagiannya dibiayai penyelidikan.

Penyelidikan disambungkan satu bentuk satu gen dikenali sebagai VAMP8 untuk peringkat-peringkat awal pembentukan darah beku, yang, bila dibentuk dalam hati, boleh menghalang oksigen dan plumbum untuk serangan jantung.

Gen yang lain, HNRPUL1 adalah juga kedapatan menjadi dengan kuat bersekutu dengan risiko serangan jantung, walaupun asal hubungan adalah kurang jelas.

Dr. John Kane, profesor perubatan di Universiti California dan pengarang bersama kajian, berkata skala yang relatifnya besar itu perbicaraan dikurangkan risiko yang penemuan adalah hasil secara kebetulan dan kemungkinan set-set peringkat untuk satu ujian diagnostik bahawa dapat meramalkan mana orang adalah di risiko paling besar untuk serangan jantung.

"Beberapa kajian telah dikenali gen-gen disambungkan untuk meningkatkan risiko serangan jantung, kecuali kebanyakan dari kajian-kajian telah juga kecil bahawa telah terdapat satu risiko tinggi positif palsu," beliau berkata.

Tujuan penyelidikan ialah untuk mengenalpasti genetik perbezaan-perbezaan bahawa dapat meramalkan untuk penyakit jantung, mewujudkan satu diagnosis pemeriksaan, dan barangkali mula dadah baru membangun, Kane berkata.











Type D personality boosts heart disease risk

People with coronary heart disease and a type D personality -- a propensity to experience negative feelings - have a considerably increased risk of having a heart attack, needing heart surgery or dying from heart disease, according to Belgian and Dutch researchers.
As lead investigator Dr. Johan Denollet told Reuters Health, "type D personality was associated with a three-fold increased risk of new cardiac events...in cardiac patients, and this association could not be explained away by temporary changes in psychological stress levels."

Type D, he added, "is characterized not only by chronic negative emotions, but also by the tendency to inhibit self-expression while avoiding possible negative reactions from others. Type D patients perceive many types of social interaction as stressful and tend to hide their true feelings; this may result in the under-reporting of stress-related health problems."

In the American Journal of Cardiology, Denollet of University Hospital Antwerp and colleagues report the results of their 5-year follow-up study of 337 patients with coronary heart disease. The participants completed a psychological stress questionnaire and the Type D personality scale at the beginning of the study.

Over the study period there were 46 major adverse cardiac events. Of these, 8 were heart attacks and 4 were deaths.

Compared with other personality types, type D personality conferred a nearly fivefold risk of death or heart attack, regardless of disease severity.

Patient factors that predicted the risk of a major adverse cardiac event were a reduced pumping ability of the heart, not having coronary bypass surgery and having a type D personality, the investigators add. Psychological stress had less influence on risk.

Factors other than stress, such as type D personality, need to be explored so that more successful treatment strategies can be developed for high-risk patients, Denollet concluded. MZ


Orang dengan penyakit jantung koronari dan satu jenis personaliti D -- satu kecenderungan mengalami perasaan negatif - adalah satu risiko bertambahnya serangan jantung, memerlukan pembedahan jantung atau hampir mati dari penyakit jantung, menurut penyelidik-penyelidik Belgium dan Dutch.
Seperti plumbum penyiasat Dr. Johan Denollet memberitahu ,"jenis personaliti D adalah bersekutu dengan satu per tiga lipatan meningkatkan risiko bagi baru peristiwa-peristiwa jantung...di pesakit-pesakit jantung, dan persatuan ini tidak boleh diterangkan jauh oleh perubahan sementara dalam tekanan psikologi tingkat."

Jenis D, beliau menambah, "adalah menggambarkan sifat bukan sahaja oleh emosi negatif kronik, tetapi juga oleh kecenderungan untuk menyekat pernyataan kendiri manakala menghindari reaksi negatif yang mungkin dari orang-orang lain. Jenis pesakit-pesakit D melihat banyak jenis interaksi sosial sebagai tertekan dan menjaga untuk menyembunyikan perasaan sebenar mereka; ini mungkin menyebabkan dalam di bawah pelaporan

Dalam Jurnal Amerika Kardiologi, Denollet Hospital Universiti Antwerp dan teman-teman melaporkan keputusan 5-year mereka kajian susulan 337 orang pesakit dengan penyakit jantung koronari. Peserta-peserta siap satu soal selidik tekanan psikologi dan Jenis personaliti D meningkatkan di permulaan kajian.

Atas masa kajian terdapat 46 mejar buruk peristiwa-peristiwa jantung. Bagi ini, 8 adalah serangan jantung dan 4 ada kematian.

Berbanding dengan personaliti lain jenis-jenis, jenis personaliti D dikurniakan satu risiko kematian yang hampir lima kali ganda atau serangan jantung, tanpa menghiraukan keparahan penyakit.

Pesakit faktor-faktor yang diramal risiko sesuatu peristiwa jantung yang utama dan buruk ialah a dikurangkan mengepam kebolehan hati, tidak mempunyai pembedahan pintasan koronari dan mempunyai satu jenis personaliti D, penyiasat-penyiasat menambah. Tekanan psikologi telah kurang pengaruh terhadap risiko.

Faktor-faktor selain daripada tekanan, seperti jenis personaliti D, perlu menjadi dijelajahi supaya rawatan lebih berjaya strategi-strategi boleh dibangunkan untuk risiko tinggi pesakit-pesakit, Denollet menyimpulkan.

Study: Estrogen use can raise breast cancer risk

Women who take estrogen-only pills for at least 15 years run a markedly higher risk of developing breast cancer, according to a study of nearly 29,000 nurses. But no increased danger was found among those who took the hormone for less than 10 years.

Researchers said the findings should be reassuring for women who want to use estrogen for a short time to relieve menopausal symptoms such as hot flashes and vaginal dryness.

Hormone supplements were once thought to help postmenopausal women postpone age-related ills. But the government's Women's Health Initiative study in 2002 contradicted those beliefs for estrogen-progestin supplements, finding an increased risk of breast cancer, strokes and heart attacks. That led millions of American women to stop taking supplements.

Later, a WHI study of estrogen alone -- an option only for women who have had a hysterectomy -- linked the supplements to strokes and memory problems. But it found that using estrogen alone for seven years does not raise the risk of breast cancer.

The new findings came from the less-rigorous but longer-running Nurses' Health Study, overseen by Harvard-affiliated researchers.

It found no increased risk of breast cancer in women who had taken estrogen for less than 10 years. But for women who had been on estrogen for at least 15 years, the risk of hormonally driven breast cancer (the most common type in the United States) climbed 48 percent. At the 20-year mark, the risk of any type of breast cancer rose 42 percent.

"This says at least for the shorter-term users, you don't need to panic" about breast cancer, said lead author Dr. Wendy Chen, an oncologist and epidemiologist at Brigham and Women's Hospital and the Dana-Farber Cancer Institute in Boston. "But for the longer-term users, you need to think about why am I still taking estrogen for this long of time, and are there are alternatives I could take instead?"

The risk of breast cancer also appeared to rise between 10 and 15 years of use, but the increase was not statistically significant, the researchers said.

The study, published in Monday's Archives of Internal Medicine, involved 28,835 women who were postmenopausal, had had a hysterectomy and reported their estrogen use every two years. Just 3.2 percent of the women, or 934, developed breast cancer during the study.

The researchers said it is unclear how many American women are taking estrogen for 15 or 20 years, especially in light of the WHI findings and doctors' recommendation since then that women who want to use the pills take them for the shortest possible duration.

Dr. Carolyn D. Runowicz, president of the American Cancer Society, said a few women in her practice have chosen to remain on estrogen for a long time because they feel the improvement in their quality of life outweighs the risks.

Runowicz called the study reassuring for short-term estrogen use but also said it underscores the need for patients to regularly "justify every medication" they take with their doctors.

"Is it estrogen forever? That's what we thought in the 1970s," said Runowicz, director of the Cancer Center at the University of Connecticut Health Center, "but we've completely reversed our thinking on that."

Estrogen-alone supplements are given only to women who have had their uteruses removed, because the hormone can spur uterine cancer. Other women get estrogen plus progestin, to counteract the risk of uterine cancer.

The Women's Health Initiative was a clinical trial in which women were randomly assigned estrogen pills or placebos. Scientists consider that approach the gold standard. The new study relied on nurses who reported on their own health every two years.

Runowicz said nurses could differ somewhat from women in the general population -- perhaps they are healthier, for instance -- but she said she had no reason to doubt the validity of the data, especially because its conclusions regarding short-term estrogen use are backed up the WHI findings.

Wyeth, which produces the estrogen pill Premarin, considers the Nurse's Health Study a well-respected study and the most recent research a "fairly reasonable trial," said Dr. James Pickar, assistant vice president for clinical research and development.

Pickar said he sees the results as good news for women because they back up the WHI findings that found no increased breast cancer risk for short-term estrogen users.

"I think it's very important for women to talk to their physician and review on a regular basis whether they need to continue therapy," Pickar said. "Each patient has an individual risk profile that only they and their physician can evaluate."MZ


Wanita-wanita yang mengambil estrogen hanya pil-pil sekurang-kurangnya 15 tahun berlari satu risiko mendapat kanser payu dara yang dengan jelas lebih tinggi, menurut satu kajian hampir 29,000 orang jururawat. Tetapi tidak bahaya bertambah dijumpai di kalangan mereka yang mengambil hormon untuk kurang daripada 10 tahun.

Penyelidik-penyelidik berkata penemuan sepatutnya menenangkan untuk wanita-wanita yang mahu menggunakan estrogen untuk satu masa yang singkat untuk melepaskan gejala-gejala menopaus seperti panas pancar dan kekeringan faraj.

Menambah hormon adalah sekali berfikir untuk membantu selepas mati haid wanita-wanita menangguhkan umur berkaitan bencana. Tetapi kajian Inisiatif Kesihatan Wanita kerajaan pada 2002 menyangkal kepercayaan yang untuk estrogen progestin menambah, mencari pertambahan risiko kanser payu dara, membelai dan serangan jantung. Yang membawa berjuta dari wanita Amerika menghentikan mengambil menambah.

Kemudian, satu kajian WHI estrogen sendiri -- satu pilihan hanya untuk wanita-wanita yang mempunyai satu histerektomi -- disambungkan menambah untuk membelai dan masalah-masalah daya ingatan. Tetapi ia didapati bahawa menggunakan estrogen sendiri untuk tujuh tahun tidak menaikkan risiko kanser payu dara.

Penemuan baru datang dari kurang ketat tetapi lebih panjang berlari Kesihatan Jururawat-jururawat Kajian, mengawasi oleh Harvard-affiliated penyelidik-penyelidik.

Ia ditemui tidak pertambahan risiko mendapat kanser payu dara wanita pada yang telah mengambil estrogen untuk kurang daripada 10 tahun. Tetapi untuk wanita-wanita yang pernah menjadi di estrogen sekurang-kurangnya 15 tahun, risiko hormonally kanser payudara didorong (paling biasa itu masukkan Amerika Syarikat) memanjat 48 peratus. Di 20-year mark, risiko mana-mana jenis kanser payudara naik 42 peratus.

"Ini kata sedikit-sedikitnya untuk lebih pendek tempoh pengguna-pengguna, anda tidak perlu panik" mengenai kanser payu dara, berkata pengarang plumbum Dr. Wendy Chen, satu pakar onkologi dan ahli epidemiologi di Brigham dan Hospital Wanita dan Dana-Farber Cancer Institut di Boston. "Tetapi untuk lebih panjang tempoh pengguna-pengguna, anda perlu memikirkan tentang mengapa tidakkah saya sedang mengambil estrogen untuk ini panjang masa, dan adalah terdapat alternatif-alternatif saya boleh mengambil sebaliknya?"

Risiko kanser payu dara juga muncul untuk meningkat antara
antara 10 dan 15 bertahun menggunakan, tetapi peningkatan bukan penting secara statistik, penyelidik-penyelidik berkata.

Kajian, diterbitkan dalam Arkib Isnin Perubatan Dalaman, terlibat 28,835 orang wanita yang telah selepas mati haid, telah telah satu histerektomi dan dilaporkan mereka estrogen menggunakan setiap dua tahun. Hanya 3.2 peratus wanita, atau 934, kanser payudara maju sepanjang kajian.

Penyelidik-penyelidik berkata ia tidak jelas bagaimana banyak wanita Amerika mengambil estrogen untuk 15 atau 20 tahun, terutama berdasarkan WHI penemuan dan cadangan doktor-doktor kerana kemudiannya bahawa wanita yang mahu menggunakan pil-pil membawa mereka untuk tempoh mungkin paling pendek.

Dr. Carolyn D. Runowicz, presiden Persatuan Kanser Amerika, berkata beberapa wanita di amalannya telah dipilih untuk kekal di estrogen untuk waktu yang lama kerana mereka berasa pembaikan dalam kualiti kehidupan mereka lebih berat risiko-risiko.

Runowicz dipanggil kajian menenangkan untuk jangka pendek estrogen hanya menggunakan juga berkata ia menggarisbawahi perlukan pesakit-pesakit untuk kerap "menjustifikasikan setiap ubat" mereka mengambil dengan doktor-doktor mereka.

"Adakah estrogen selama-lamanya? Itulah apa yang kita berfikir dalam 1970s," berkata Runowicz, pengarah Pusat Kanser di Universiti Pusat Kesihatan Connecticut, "tetapi kita telah sepenuhnya terbalik pemikiran kita tentang itu."

Menambah Estrogen-alone diberikan cuma kepada wanita yang mempunyai rahim mereka dipindahkan, kerana hormon dapat menggalakkan kanser uterus. Wanita lain dapat estrogen plus progestin, untuk meredakan kanser uterus risiko.

Inisiatif Kesihatan Wanita adalah satu ujian klinikal dalam mana wanita adalah secara rambang ditugaskan estrogen pil-pil atau plasebo. Saintis-saintis menimbang yang pendekatan piawai emas. Kajian baru bergantung di jururawat-jururawat yang melaporkan tentang kesihatan sendiri mereka setiap dua tahun.

Runowicz berkata jururawat-jururawat mungkin berbeza agak daripada wanita-wanita di populasi umum -- mungkin mereka adalah lebih sihat, umpamanya -- tetapi dia berkata dia tidak mempunyai sebab untuk meragui kesahan data, terutamanya sebab kesimpulan-kesimpulannya mengenai jangka pendek estrogen menggunakan disokong WHI penemuan.

Wyeth, yang mengeluarkan estrogen pil Premarin, pertimbangkan Kajian Kesihatan Jururawat satu baik dihormati kajian dan penyelidikan paling terbaru satu "perbicaraan agak munasabah," berkata Dr. James Pickar, penolong naib presiden untuk penyelidikan klinikal dan pembangunan.

Pickar berkata beliau lihat keputusan-keputusan berita sebagai baik untuk wanita kerana mereka menyokong WHI penemuan yang kedapatan risiko kanser payudara yang tidak bertambah untuk jangka pendek estrogen pengguna-pengguna.

"Saya fikir ia amat penting untuk wanita-wanita untuk bercakap untuk doktor dan kajian semula mereka pada asas biasa sama ada mereka perlu terus terapi," Pickar berkata. "Setiap pesakit mempunyai satu orang individu profil risiko bahawa hanya mereka dan doktor mereka dapat menilai."


Study finds how grapefruit juice affects drugs

U.S. researchers said they have identified the compound in grapefruit juice that affects how some drugs are absorbed in the body and said on Tuesday it might be used to help lower dosages for some patients.

Grapefruit juice is known for its effects on drug metabolism and is avoided by some patients while other deliberately take their drugs with the juice.

The reason is an intestinal enzyme called CYP3A, which partially destroys drugs as they are absorbed. Grapefruit juice, like no other fruit juice, interferes with CYP3A, so the body ends up absorbing more of the drug.

Dr. Paul Watkins of the University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill and colleagues say they have identified the substance in grapefruit juice that is responsible -- furanocoumarin.

"It should now be possible to market the furanocoumarin-free grapefruit juice to patients who would otherwise need to avoid grapefruit," Watkins said in a statement.

"In addition, it should be possible to screen new foods for the potential for drug interactions by determining whether they contain furanocoumarins," Watkins said.

"Finally, it may be possible to add furanocoumarins to formulations of certain drugs that tend to be poorly or erratically absorbed to improve their oral delivery."

To test the theory that furanocoumarin was the responsible compound, Watkins and colleagues filtered it out grapefruit juice, which they discovered was then less bitter but otherwise unaltered.

Then they tested 18 men and women taking various drugs on a regular basis including aspirin and birth control pills.

Each fasted in the hospital and got a single dose of the blood pressure drug felopidine, sold under the brand name Plendil, along with either normal grapefruit juice, furanocoumarin-free juice or orange juice.

They then ate and drank normally and blood was taken regularly all day.

In each volunteer, the normal grapefruit juice made between 6 percent to 230 percent more Plendil available in the blood, the researchers reported in the American Journal of Clinical Nutrition. The furanocoumarin-free grapefruit juice and orange juice had no such effect, they reported. -- MZ

Penyelidik-penyelidik amerika syarikat berkata mereka telah dikenali kompaun dalam jus grapefruit bahawa menjejaskan bagaimana beberapa dadah adalah diserap ke dalam badan dan berkata pada hari Selasa ia boleh digunakan untuk membantu sukatan lebih rendah untuk beberapa pesakit.

Jus grapefruit dikenali untuk kesan-kesannya di metabolisme drug dan adalah dielak oleh beberapa pesakit lain sedang perlahan-lahan mengambil dadah-dadah mereka dengan jus.

Alasan adalah satu enzim yang usus dipanggil CYP3A, yang sebahagiannya membinasa dadah sebagai mereka adalah diserap. Jus grapefruit, sama tidak buah lain jus, campur tangan dengan CYP3A, agar badan berakhir mengasyikkan lebih dadah.

Dr. Paul Watkins Universiti Utara Carolina di Chapel Hill dan teman-teman berkata mereka telah dikenali bahan dalam jus grapefruit iaitu bertanggungjawab -- furanokumarin.

"Ia perlu kini menjadi mungkin bagi memasarkan furanokumarin bebas jus grapefruit untuk pesakit-pesakit yang akan kalau perlu mengelak limau gedang," Watkins berkata dalam satu kenyataan.

"Di samping itu, ia harus boleh untuk menapis makanan baru untuk potensi untuk interaksi dadah oleh penentu sama ada mereka mengandungi furanocoumarins," Watkins berkata.

"Akhirnya, ia mungkin boleh jadi bagi menambah furanocoumarins untuk perumusan bagi dadah tertentu bahawa cenderung tak sihat atau tidak tentu arah diserapkan untuk meningkatkan penghantaran yang lisan mereka."

Bagi menguji teori yang furanokumarin adalah kompaun bertanggungjawab, Watkins dan teman-teman disaring ia keluar jus grapefruit, yang mereka ditemui kemudiannya kurang pahit tetapi kalau tidak berubah.

Kemudian mereka teruji 18 orang manusia dan wanita-wanita mengambil pelbagai dadah di satu asas biasa termasuk aspirin dan pengawalan kelahiran pil-pil.

Setiap berpuasa dalam hospital dan mendapat satu dos yang tunggal tekanan darah dadah felopidine, dijual dibawah jenama Plendil, bersama dengan jus grapefruit sama ada biasa, furanokumarin bebas jus atau jus oren.

Mereka kemudiannya makan dan minum dengan biasanya dan darah telah dibawa kerap sepanjang hari.

Dalam sukarela setiap, jus grapefruit biasa dibuat di antara 6 peratus untuk 230 peratus lebih Plendil didapati di darah, penyelidik-penyelidik dilaporkan dalam Jurnal Amerika Pemakanan Perubatan. Furanokumarin bebas jus grapefruit dan jus oren telah tidak kesan seperti, mereka dilaporkan. –

Friday, May 05, 2006

Oxidative Stress

Even though the average life expectancy in the United States has increased dramatically during this past century, our quality of life due to chronic degenerative disease has taken a major hit. We are essentially "living too short and dying too long". Most of us can simply look forward to suffering and dying from heart disease, cancer, stroke, diabetes, Alzheimer’s dementia, Parkinson’s disease, arthritis, macular degeneration, and the list goes on and on, unless we literally attack the underlying cause of all of these diseases—oxidative stress.

How long do you expect to live? Now envision what your last twenty years will look like. I can assure you my patients today are not as concerned with the number of years in their lives as they are the quality of life in those years. Who wants to live to a ripe old age if he or she cannot even recognize close family members because of Alzheimer’s dementia? Who looks forward to a decade or two of suffering severe joint or back pain due to degenerative arthritis?

One of my close friends told me recently that he simply wants to live until he dies. Is this your desire? It certainly is mine. That is why I recommend preventative rather than post-problem medicine--empowering people to avoid getting major diseases in the first place. Over the past seven years, I have changed my approach. I now strongly encourage and support my patients in taking a three-fold approach to health: eating well, practicing a consistent exercise program, and daily consuming high-quality nutritional supplements. I now use medication as a last resort—not as my first choice.

Do you fear growing old? Have you accepted chronic disease or pain as a given in your future? Are you willing to make necessary life changes to ensure your health? I believe a full and abundant physical life does not need to start slipping away at age forty. Each year of your life can be your very best. But first you must understand the war that is waging within every one of our bodies.

Oxygen is essential for life itself. But did you know it is also inherently dangerous to our existence? I call this the "dark-side" of oxygen. And as a result, we are essentially rusting both inside and out. The same process that causes a cut apple to turn brown or iron to rust is the cause of all the chronic degenerative diseases we fear and even the aging process itself.

Consider the aging of our skin. Oxidative stress is the cause of wrinkles, sagging skin, and age spots. The next time you are with a large gathering of people of different ages, observe closely the change you see in people’s skin. Aging is a process we all take for granted, but when you look more closely, and compare a baby’s face, to that of a grandparent’s, the effects of our largest organ being exposed to all the pollutants in the air, sunlight, and cigarette smoke is baffling. This aging of the skin is an outward manifestation of "oxidative stress," which is occurring within every cell in your body.

Over the past 7 years, I have reviewed well over 2,000 medical and scientific studies in regards to nutritional supplements and their affect on your health. These studies appearing in medical journals like the New England Journal of Medicine, Journal of the American Medical Association, British Lancet, and Annuals of Internal Medicine report that beyond any doubt the "root" cause of well over 70 chronic degenerative diseases is "oxidative stress." These are the "who’s who" of diseases we all fear and want to avoid; diseases like heart attacks, strokes, diabetes, cancer, arthritis, Alzheimer’s dementia, macular degeneration, lupus, MS, fibromyalgia, and chronic fatigue. "So what," you may be wondering, "is ‘oxidative stress’?"

Within every cell of the body is a furnace called the mitochondria. As oxygen is utilized within the furnace of the cell to create energy and life itself, occasionally a charged oxygen molecule is created, called a "free radical." This free radical has at least one unpaired electron in its outer orbit essentially giving it an electrical charge. If this free radical is not readily neutralized by an antioxidant it can go on to create more volatile free radicals, damage the cell wall, vessel wall, proteins, fats, and even the DNA nucleus of our cells. Chemically this reaction has been shown to be so volatile that it actually causes bursts of light within our bodies!

Imagine yourself in front of a crackling fireplace and I’ll give you the best illustration I have to explain the process of oxidation. The fire burns safely and beautifully most of the time, but on occasion out pops a hot cinder that lands on your carpet and burns a little hole in it. One cinder by itself doesn’t pose much of a threat; but if this sparking and popping continues month after month, year after year, you will have a pretty "ratty" carpet in front of your fireplace.

The fireplace represents the furnace of the cell (the mitochondria), the cinder is the charged "free radical," and the carpet is your body. Whichever part of your body receives the most free radical damage will be the first to wear out and potentially cause one of these degenerative diseases. If it’s your arteries, you could develop a heart attack or stroke. If it is your brain, you could develop Alzheimer’s dementia or Parkinson’s disease. If it’s your joints, you could develop arthritis.

Through biochemical research we’re learning that we are not defenseless against this attack on our body by free radicals. Antioxidants are like the glass doors or fine-wire mesh we place in front of our fireplace. The sparks are still going to fly but our carpet will then be protected. As you begin to imagine the war that is taking place within every cell in your body, you can envision the two opposing forces: the enemy--free radicals; and your allies--antioxidants and their supporting nutrients.

Living a healthy life becomes a matter of balance. You must have enough antioxidants available to readily neutralize the number of free radicals your body produces. If you don’t, "oxidative stress" will occur. When this oxidative stress is allowed to persist over a prolonged period of time, you will most likely develop a serious chronic degenerative disease.

Each of us must ask, "Am I getting enough antioxidants from my diet to protect myself from this onslaught of free radicals or do I need to be taking nutritional supplements?" This is the question that I’ve had to ask myself as I have spent countless hours researching medical literature. You see I was taught in medical school that you don’t need supplements—that you can get everything you need from a good, healthy diet. And this is what I told my patients for years. I was wrong.

Since balance is the key, we need to look closely at the individual players that are at war within. The number of free radicals you produce each and every day is never the same. All the pollutants in our air, food, and water dramatically increase the number of free radicals we produce. Enormous stress, excessive exercise, cigarette smoke, sunlight, radiation, and every drug prescribed greatly increases the number of free radicals produced in the body. In fact, there has never been a generation on this planet subjected to more oxidative stress than this present one. We are literally under attack from our polluted environment, stressful lifestyles, and over-medicated society.

This ongoing attack is depriving us of our most precious gift—our health. But God did not leave us defenseless against this onslaught by free radicals. In fact, we actually have our own army of antioxidants, which are able to neutralize free radicals and render them harmless. In generations past, these defense systems were sufficient. Unfortunately this is no longer the case. Our bodies’ defense systems need additional allies.

Most antioxidants come from vegetables and fruit. This creates a gap in our protection, because our foods have become significantly depleted in their content of antioxidants and supporting minerals as a result of mineral depletion in our soils, green harvesting, cold storage, foods that are highly processed, our poor food choices and food preparation.

At a time when we are under the heaviest attack from the environment around us, our natural defense systems are becoming overwhelmed and depleted. We must do all we can to rebuild our antioxidant systems with a healthy diet, but too you need to learn how complete and balanced nutritional supplementation with high quality supplements is our best hope in winning this war within and protecting our health.

Cellular Nutrition

We have no choice but to live in our present environment. Our bodies are affronted daily by excessive production of free radicals caused by our polluted environment, stressful lifestyles, and over-medicated society. Though we can certainly reduce the amount of free radicals our bodies produce by: not smoking, decreasing stress levels, and avoiding toxic chemicals, most of our bodies are still unable to fight the overwhelming daily attack on the natural defense system. Remember balance is the key--we need enough antioxidants available to neutralize the free radicals produced.

Over the past 50 years, nutritional medicine and supplementation has focused on replenishing a nutritional deficiency. Countless hours and dollars have been spent trying to determine exactly which nutrients our bodies are depleted of. Blood tests, urine tests, hair samples, muscle testing, and more have been conducted in an attempt to determine which nutrients we need to supplement. However, we have been aiming at the wrong target. The presenting problem is not a nutritional deficiency, but rather, underlying oxidative stress. Oxidative stress has now been shown beyond any shadow of doubt via medical research to be the root cause of over 70 chronic degenerative diseases. Diseases like heart disease, stroke, cancer, diabetes, arthritis, Alzheimer’s dementia, macular degeneration, lupus, MS, and the list goes on and on.

Because oxidative stress is our concern rather than specific nutritional deficiencies, we must determine what is the best approach to preventing or controlling oxidative stress. This is accomplished by bolstering one’s natural defenses through cellular nutrition.

Cellular nutrition is simply providing ALL nutrients to the cell at optimal levels. This allows the cell to determine what it actually does and does not need. I don’t have to worry about determining which nutrients the cell is deficient in. I simply provide all of the important nutrients at optimal levels--those levels shown to provide a health benefit in the medical literature. Any nutritional deficiencies will be automatically corrected over the next few months by this approach and all the other vital nutrients will be brought up to their optimal levels as well.

Cellular nutrition is providing the body with all the antioxidants along with the supporting B vitamins and antioxidant minerals at optimal levels. This is "preventive medicine" at its best because we can literally attack the disease process at its core by preventing oxidative stress from occurring.

You may be wondering if we can control oxidative stress by simply improving our diet and eating more fruits and vegetables. This is definitely a good start. By simply eating 7 to 9 servings of fruits and vegetables each day you can decrease the risk of heart attack, stroke, Alzheimer’s dementia, and cancer, two to three fold. We certainly want to supplement a good diet—not a bad diet. However, even if you eat a great diet you can barely obtain the RDA level of all essential nutrients. Medical studies have shown that less than 1% of the American population accomplishes this on a consistent basis.

Recommended Daily Allowance (RDA):

Research studies reveal standards of recommended daily allowance (RDA’s) have absolutely nothing to do with chronic degenerative diseases. RDA’s were developed to avoid what are known as acute deficiency diseases like scurvy (deficiency of vitamin C), rickets (deficiency of vitamin D), and pellagra (deficiency of niacin). In other words, if you consumed the RDAs for vitamin C, vitamin D, and niacin, you would not develop any of these illnesses.

Admittedly, the RDA’s have done their job—how many people do you know suffer from these diseases? RDA’s first developed in the 1920’s and 1930’s. The list of nutrients included in the RDAs grew over the next two decades and in the early 1950s, the definition of RDAs expanded to include the amounts of nutrients needed for normal growth. Despite the fact that RDAs have proved useful, most physicians and laypeople tend to assign more meaning to RDA standards than they should.

After researching medical literature on the topic of oxidative stress and the amount of nutrients needed to prevent it, I found the optimal levels of nutrients known to provide health benefits are significantly greater those suggested by RDA levels. For example, the optimal level of vitamin E is 400 IU. The RDA is only 10 to 30 IU. That being the case, you may consider eating 400 IU of vitamin E. You would only need to eat 33 heads of spinach, or 27 pounds of butter; 80 avocados will do, or an alternative 5 pounds of wheat germ each and every day to obtain that level of vitamin E.

Similarly, the optimal level of vitamin C is approximately 1200 to 2000 mg daily, while the RDA is only 60 mg. To eat the optimal levels of vitamin would need to consume 18 oranges, or 17 kiwifruit, or 160 apples. Put in this perspective, it becomes clear that the only way to obtain these levels of nutrients is to supplement our diet. And this requires more than a generic multiple vitamin. One-a-day multiple vitamins are primarily based on RDA levels, thus providing no measurable health benefits. Significantly more potent supplements are needed each day to provide the optimal levels to provide cellular nutrition. I will discuss more specific details in How to Choose a Quality Supplement.

The "Magic Bullet" Approach

Most scientific studies done on nutritional supplements are approached in the traditional way of testing drugs—hoping to discover a "magic bullet". A disease is isolated and targeted by one specific drug. The pharmaceutical results of that drug are then measured.

Research trials have been similarly conducted for nutritional supplements. For example, calcium and vitamin D have been tested for their effects on osteoporosis; vitamin E for heart disease, magnesium for irregular heartbeats or selenium to reduce the risk of cancer.

One problem remains, however: vitamins such as C, D and E are not drugs. They are natural nutrients that our bodies get from our foods. The various antioxidants and supporting nutrients work on different types of free radicals and in different parts of the body. Vitamin E is the best antioxidant within the cell membrane. Vitamin C is most effective within the plasma. Glutathione is works most efficiently within the cell itself. Literally dozens of antioxidants are at work in various parts of the body and are effective against particular types of free radicals. They work together—synergistically-- to control oxidative stress. This means that 1 plus 1 does not equal 2, but 8 or 10. Medical research separates these nutrients out and tries to study their individual effect. The amazing fact remains that the overwhelming majority of studies actually does show a health benefit with even an individual nutrient. However, since oxidative stress is the underlying problem we must concern ourselves with, it is important to realize that all of these nutrients work together—synergy.

Vitamin C actually replenishes vitamin E and intracellular glutathione so it can be used over and over again. Alpha lipoic acid also regenerates vitamin E and glutathione. In addition, these antioxidants need optimal levels of the B vitamins—folic acid, vitamin B1, B2, B6, and B12—in order to perform at optimal levels. They also need the so-called antioxidant minerals such as: selenium, manganese, copper, and zinc to do their job right. If you have all the glutathione in the world available but are depleted in selenium, which glutathione needs to work, there will be very little health benefit.

When all of the necessary nutrients are provided to the cell in a complete and balanced nutritional supplement, the combined effect is phenomenal. The potency of these nutrients in optimizing our body’s natural antioxidant, immune, and repair systems is certainly possible. Oxidative stress can be controlled and our health will be protected.

I also apply these principles for my patients who are already suffering from a major chronic degenerative disease. I provide them with the same basic cellular nutrition I recommend for all my patients and then I add additional potent antioxidants to the regime tailored to each specific disease. When physicians take advantage of the most tremendous healing asset, the host--our bodies, and support it rather than denying its importance in the healing process, amazing clinical improvement is possible.

Cellular nutrition is about health, not disease. "Attacking" the root cause of chronic degenerative disease is true preventive medicine. By applying these same principles, you who are in good health can decrease the risk of developing these chronic degenerative diseases.

Thursday, May 04, 2006

Diabetes raises early death risk

Younger people with Type 2 diabetes are three times more likely to die early than those of the same age without the disease, a study suggests.

A study of 264,000 patients in the journal of Diabetic Medicine found those with the disease were twice as likely to die early than those without.

Patients with Type 2 diabetes aged 35 to 54 were three times as likely to die early as non-sufferers of the same age.

Type 2 Diabetes tends develop in later life and is linked to obesity and diet.

Charity Diabetes UK said the results of the study published in the journal Diabetic Medicine were "shocking".

It develops when the body can still make some insulin, but not enough, or when the insulin that is produced does not work properly (known as insulin resistance).

Type 1 diabetes is diagnosed at a much earlier age and occurs when the body cannot make any insulin at all.

Type 2 diabetes is treated with lifestyle changes such as a healthier diet, weight loss and increased physical activity.

But the condition is progressive and tablets and/or insulin may also be required to achieve normal blood glucose levels.

Both types lead to associated conditions such as heart disease, strokes, kidney failure, nerve damage leading to amputations and blindness.

Some view Type 2 diabetes as a milder form of the disease because patients do not necessarily have to have insulin injections.

'Younger and younger'

But research author Henrietta Mulnier of Surrey University said data like this showed it was just as dangerous.

Her team compared information from GPs' records in the UK on deaths from all causes between January 1992 and October 1999.

"We did expect that people with Type 2 diabetes would have a higher risk of dying earlier rather than later," she said.

She added that the findings would have an impact on how decisions on how to deal with the disease and provide health care are made.

"With people being diagnosed with Type 2 diabetes younger and younger, the figures are going to get worse.

"We really do need to focus on early detection and treatment."

Douglas Smallwood, chief executive at Diabetes UK, said the results were shocking but people with diabetes had to be made aware of the seriousness of the condition.

Healthy lives

"Diabetes deaths are predicted to rise by 25% over the next decade."

But he said that many of the deaths would have been needless.

"However, the risk of complications leading to death can be reduced if people with diabetes get the care they need to manage their condition.

"There is no reason why people with diabetes cannot live long and healthy lives," he added.

It is thought that there up to three quarters of a million people with Type 2 diabetes in the UK who have not been diagnosed.

The longer patients have the condition, the more likely they are to develop complications which can be deadly.